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                <text>Black Inventors Hall of Fame</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://bihof.org/black-inventors-gallery"&gt;Black Inventors Hall of Fame&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>To read more about Marie von Brittan: The Washington Post in Retropolis  February 5, 2023 entitled "&lt;a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/02/01/marie-brown-video-home-security/"&gt;Few know a Black woman invented the home security system&lt;/a&gt;." &lt;a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/02/01/marie-brown-video-home-security/"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>A non-profit association that recognize Black inventors for their contributions to society. Included on the website is a gallery of the inventors and a description of their inventions. One such inventor is Marie Von Brittan, who with her husband, filed a patent on August 1,1966 for  a "home security  system utilizing television surveillance"  The patent was approved in 1969.</text>
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                <text>How Carter G. Woodson Turned February into Black History Month</text>
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                <text>February 11, 2024</text>
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                <text>De Neen L. Brown</text>
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                <text>Carter G. Woodson dedicated his life to educating African Americans about the achievements and contributions of their ancestors. In February 1926, Woodson sent out a press release announcing the first Negro History Week. He chose February because the month contained the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass, two prominent men whose historic achievements African Americans already celebrated.</text>
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                <text>Sarah Pruitt</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.history.com/news/the-man-behind-black-history-month"&gt;https://www.history.com/news/the-man-behind-black-history-month&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Often referred to as "The Black National Anthem," Lift Every Voice and Sing was a hymn written as a poem by NAACP leader James Weldon Johnson in 1900. His brother, John Rosamond Johnson (1873-1954), composed the music for the lyrics. A choir of 500 schoolchildren at the segregated Stanton School, where James Weldon Johnson was principal, first performed the song in public on February 12, 1900 in Jacksonville, Florida to celebrate President Abraham Lincoln's birthday. The song was later adopted by NAACP and prominently used as a rallying cry during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. </text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/lift-every-voice-and-sing"&gt;https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/lift-every-voice-and-sing&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Map of Virginia showing the distribution of Virginia’s slave population from the census of 1860</text>
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                <text>L&lt;span&gt;ibrary of Congress: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2010586916/?fbclid=IwAR2z2rU5MDq6q8-tTdGyZDTMf9pksB1Qes8omOW7bVFg5bxm4dbiAJZXyn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.loc.gov/item/2010586916/?fbclid=IwAR2z2rU5MDq6q8-tTdGyZDTMf9pksB1Qes8omOW7bVFg5bxm4dbiAJZXyn&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>In 1938, Victor Green, a mail carrier in New York City, recognized a need for a guidebook, describing where African Americans could eat and stay during the years of the Jim Crow segregation. The “Green Book” was published for over 30 years and expanded to all 50 states. Listings also included stores, hair salons, gas stations, etc. No locations in Fairfax County were described, however Fairfax County residents could use the guide book when traveling.</text>
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                <text>&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sources:&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.virginiagreenbook.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.virginiagreenbook.com&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://community.village.virginia.edu/greenbooks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://community.village.virginia.edu/greenbooks/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;One can also read digitized issues at:&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/the-green-book#/?tab=about&amp;amp;scroll=15" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/the-green-book#/?tab=about&amp;amp;scroll=15&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://community.village.virginia.edu/greenbooks/content/r" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://community.village.virginia.edu/greenbooks/content/r&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                <text>Willa Brown’s Fight for Inclusion by Dennis K. Johnson</text>
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                <text>February 10, 2022</text>
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                <text>Willa Brown was a high school teacher. a licensed aviator, a licensed aircraft mechanic, and one of the founders of the National Airmen’s Association that was dedicated to increase African American participation in aviation. AOPA Pilot </text>
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                <text>Dennis K. Johnson</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2022/february/10/willa-browns-fight-for-inclusion"&gt;https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2022/february/10/willa-browns-fight-for-inclusion&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>The “Blackbirds”: The story of the first All-Black Aerobatic Team</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Almost 40,000 attended the “Blackbirds,” first all-black aerobatic team, perform at the first all-Black air circus. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;AOPA Pilot&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt; July 5, 2009 by Phil Scott.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;AOPA [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://fairfaxaahi.centerformasonslegacies.com/%20https%3A/www.aopa.org%20%E2%80%BA%20all-news%20%E2%80%BA%202009%20%E2%80%BA%20july%20%E2%80%BA%20pilot%20%20%0D"&gt;https://www.aopa.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;› all-news › 2009 › july › pilot &lt;/li&gt;
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                <text>Excerpt from University of Illinois Springfield African American Studies website: The concept of “Sankofa” is derived from King Adinkera of the Akan people of West Africa. Literally translated, this means “it is not taboo to go back and fetch what you forgot”. “Sankofa” teaches us that we must go back to our roots in order to move forward. That is, we should reach back and gather the best of what our past has to teach us, so that we can achieve our full potential as we move forward. Whatever we have lost, forgotten, forgone, or been stripped of can be reclaimed, revived, preserved, and perpetuated. Visually and symbolically, “Sankofa” is expressed as a mythic bird that flies forward while looking backward with an egg (symbolizing the future) in its mouth. This ties with our motto: “In order to understand our present and ensure our future, we must know our past.</text>
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                <text>The investigative journalist and activist Ida B. Wells spearheaded the anti-lynching movement in the United States. Ida wrote A Red Record (1892), using mainstream white newspapers to document a resurgence of white mob violence, and finding that ­more than 10,000 African Americans had been killed by lynching in the South between 1864 and 1894. Wells compiled statistics on alleged offenses and the geographic distribution and extent of lynching, [New York Public Library].</text>
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                <text>For Further Information, see Bill of Rights Institute:&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/ida-b-wells-and-the-campaign-against-lynching"&gt;https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/ida-b-wells-and-the-campaign-against-lynching&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>On July 17, 1944, explosions killed 320 sailors, Coast Guard personnel, and civilians at the Port Chicago naval facility in California. Black sailors, who refused to go back to work, were charged with mutiny. During the court martial trial,  the black sailors had been threatened with execution. No cause for the explosions was determined.</text>
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                <text>DeNeen L. Brown</text>
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                <text>The Washington Post July 18, 2024  Page B1</text>
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                <text>In 1940, Benjamin O. Davis Sr. became the first Black person to achieve the rank of brigadier general in the US Army. In 1960, Benjamin O. Davis Jr. became the first black brigadier general in the US Air Force.</text>
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                <text>Nicole Cavez</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/25/us/benjamin-davis-sr-jr-first-generals-military-reaj/index.html"&gt;https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/25/us/benjamin-davis-sr-jr-first-generals-military-reaj/index.html&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>By the end of the Civil War, approximately 179,000 Black men served in the Union Army and 19,000 served in the Navy.  Nearly 40,000 black soldiers died during the war.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Educational Resources and Primary Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/article.html"&gt;Preserving the Legacy of the U.S. Colored Troops&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/black-pows.html"&gt;Treatment of Black POWs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/compiled-service-records.html"&gt;Compiled Service Records&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/douglass-sons.html"&gt;Frederick Douglass's Sons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/equal-pay.html"&gt;Equal Pay for Black Soldiers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/medal-of-honor.html"&gt;Medal of Honor: Sgt. William Carney&lt;/a&gt;a&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war"&gt;https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>African American Militia Units in Virginia served as part of the state militia, the Virginia Volunteers, between 1872-1899. African Americans fought in all American wars starting with the French and Indian War.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/african-american-militia-units-in-virginia-1870-1899/"&gt;https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/african-american-militia-units-in-virginia-1870-1899/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://fairfaxaahi.centerformasonslegacies.com/impact-of-legislation"&gt;https://fairfaxaahi.centerformasonslegacies.com/impact-of-legislation&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>"Being a Brief, Comprehensive Review of the Negro's Participation in the Wars of the United States. Especially Showing the Valor and Heroism of the Negro Soldiers of the Ninth and Tenth Cavalries, and the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Infantries of the Regular Army as Demonstrated in the Decisive Campaign Around Santiago de Cuba. Narrated by Officers and Men. Famous Indian Campaigns and Their Results. A Purely Military History of the Negro. Illustrated with Over One Hundred Fine Engravings from Original Photographs."</text>
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                <text>Herschel V. Cashin and others</text>
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                <text>Fairfax County Public Library 973.894 C</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2738">
                <text>1967</text>
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                <text>William H. Leckie</text>
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                <text>Fairfax County Public Library 357.1 Leckie</text>
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        <name>Buffalo Soldiers</name>
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                <text>&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;US National Archives and Records Service&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Military Records&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                <text>355.134 U 1973</text>
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