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                <text>The Overlooked Black History of Memorial Day</text>
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                <text>On May 1, 1865, freed slaves in Charleston, S.C. honored the graves of Union soldiers.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://time.com/5836444/black-memorial-day/"&gt;https://time.com/5836444/black-memorial-day/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>The Negro Silent Protest Parade</text>
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                <text>&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Organized by the NAACP&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Included are digital images of (1) the flyer distributed by the NAACP several days before the 1917 Silent Protest parade, organized to protest lynchings and other violence against blacks, especially the East St. Louis race riot, and (2) an undated memo sent to NAACP branches listing the mottoes used on banners in the parade.&lt;/li&gt;
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text4/silentprotest.pdf"&gt;https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text4/silentprotest.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Silent protest parade  - First African American protest of its kind</text>
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                <text>July 28, 1917</text>
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                <text>Nearly ten thousand African Americans marched in silence in New York City on July 28, 1917. Participants organized in protest of riots, lynching and other violence against Blacks.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-silent-protest-parade"&gt;https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-silent-protest-parade&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Juneteenth</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Known to some as the country's “second Independence Day,” Juneteenth celebrates the freedom of enslaved people in the United States at the end of the Civil War. For more than 150 years, African American communities across the country have observed this holiday. Juneteenth became a federal holiday in 2021. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Historical Legacy of Juneteenth&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt; tells the story of how in the westernmost Confederate state of Texas, enslaved people would not be free until two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamations went into effect. Freedom finally came on June 19, 1865, when some 2,000 Union troops arrived in Galveston Bay, Texas.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/historical-legacy-juneteenth" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture"&gt;National Museum of African American History and Culture&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Lynching in Virginia</text>
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                <text>Lynching involves the extralegal punishment of perceived wrongdoing by a mob. Lynching became pervasive in the American South late in the nineteenth century and, at its height, from 1880 to 1930, killed at least eighty-six men in Virginia, all but fifteen of them African Americans.</text>
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                <text>Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831)</text>
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                <text>On the evening of August 21–22, 1831, an enslaved preacher and self-styled prophet named Nat Turner launched the deadliest slave revolt in the history of the United States.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/turners-revolt-nat-1831/"&gt;https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/turners-revolt-nat-1831/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Fairfax County Courthouse, Chain Bridge Road, Fairfax City</text>
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                <text>African American Jurors</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;In 1935 at least two juries were established in Fairfax County with African American members. This was significant because Blacks were usually excluded from serving on juries in Virginia. Press reports indicated that these were the first African Americans to serve on a Fairfax County jury since 1883.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Exclusion of African Americans from juries because of their race was unconstitutional and could result in miscarriages of justice. In the 1930s two highly publicized criminal trials, the Commonwealth of Virginia v. Murphy and the Scottsboro Boys trial in Alabama, drew attention to the dangers Black defendants faced when judged by all-White juries. In Fairfax, an all-Black grand jury and a mixed-raced trial jury were established after protests from an attorney defending two African American women accused of arson.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;May 24,1935 The first African Americans selected to be on a jury in Fairfax County were selected from the Fairfax County Colored Citizens Association. They were Foreman Alexander L. White, Sideburn, Otis Wade, Falls Church, Atanar Payne, Fairfax, John R. Pearson, Fairfax, Joseph Collins, Merrifield, Henry Page, Fairfax, and Ollie W. Tinner, Falls Church. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Fairfax County Colored Citizens Association anniversary Pamphlet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;1928-1941, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;page 5&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;“Negro Grand Jury,” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Smithfield Times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;, Volume 15, Number 7, 30 May 1935. Accessed via Library of Virginia, Virginia Chronicles website.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;“Novel Spectacle, Special Grand Jury, All Negroes, to Sit in Circuit Court, Friday,” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Fairfax Herald&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;, May 24, 1935 p.1. Microfilm. Virginia Room, Fairfax County Public Library.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;“Negro Grand Jury Finds Arson Bills,” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Associated Press. New Orleans Times-Picayune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;, May 26, 1935, p. 14. Accessed via Genealogy Bank website.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;“Colored Grand Jury,” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Fairfax Herald&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;, May 31, 1935, p. 4. Microfilm. Virginia Room, Fairfax County Public Library.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;“Negro Jurors Indict Women,” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;NY Amsterdam News&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;, June 1, 1935, p. 5. Accessed via ProQuest Historical Black Newspapers website, District of Columbia Public Library.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;“An Innovation. Colored Men Drawn on Current Court Trial Jury List,” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Fairfax Herald,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt; Nov 22, 1935, p. 1. Virginia Room, Fairfax County Public Library.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;“Put Three Negroes on Richmond [sic] Panel,” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;New York Amsterdam News&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;, November 30, 1935. Accessed via ProQuest Historical Black Newspapers website, District of Columbia Public Library.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://silverbox.gmu.edu/fairfaxaahi/items/show/207"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Fairfax County Colored Citizens Association 30th Anniversary Booklet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;, Fairfax County Colored Citizens Association, p.5. Virginia Room, Fairfax County Public Library.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>1935</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://silverbox.gmu.edu/fairfaxaahi/items/show/122"&gt;Fairfax County Courthouse&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Events</text>
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      <name>Event</name>
      <description>A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration.</description>
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          <name>Location</name>
          <description>The location of the item or topic</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="989">
              <text>Falls Church, Virginia</text>
            </elementText>
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          <name>District</name>
          <description>Name of the district that the item is located in</description>
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              <text>Providence</text>
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          <name>Historical Marker</name>
          <description>Information on related nearby historical markers or other physical markers</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="995">
              <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Living in Fear - Mosby’s Falls Church Raid&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Marker is located on West Broad Street. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.hmdb.org"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;www.hmdb.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="996">
              <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Terror by the Tracks&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;located on West Broad Street. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.hmdb.org"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;www.hmdb.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Civil War Home Guard Defends Falls Church</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="987">
                <text>In October 1864, a contingent of Confederate John S. Mosby’s raiders entered Falls Church to steal horses. A member of the Home Guard sounded an alarm alerting Falls Church residents and the Union pickets about the presence of the raiders. During the raid, two members of the interracial Home Guars, an African American and lay minister John Read, were captured, shot, and presumed dead. John Read died. The African American survived being shot but lost an ear. &#13;
Today, the two historic markers in Falls Church that describe the raid differ in certain details. For example, who sounded the alarm, the names of the captured, and the name of the African American who was shot and survived. Two African Americans are named in the text of the markers. Frank Brooks and Jacob Jackson.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="988">
                <text>October 17-18, 1864 </text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="991">
                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;The Historical Marker Database: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=69552" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=69552&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="992">
                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;Hunter Mill Road corridor in Civil War:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://states.aarp.org/virginia/hunter-mill-road-historic-corridor-of-the-civil-war" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;https://states.aarp.org/virginia/hunter-mill-road-historic-corridor-of-the-civil-war&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="993">
                <text>Jim Lewis (and the Hunter Mill Defense League) – Sept. 27, 2021, online history tour.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="994">
                <text>&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;A Virginia Village Goes to War: Falls Church During the Civil War&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:400;"&gt;, Bradley E. Gernand, Donning Company Publishing, 2002.  Fairfax County Public Library&lt;/span&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="38">
        <name>Falls Church</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="23">
        <name>Providence</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
